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The present perfect is a present tense. It always tells us something about now.
'Tom has lost his key' = he doen't have his key now.
The past simple tells us only about the past.
'Tom lost his key' = whe don't know whether he has it now or not.
We only know that he lost it at some time in the past.
- Jack grew a beard but but now he has shaved it off. ( so he doesn't have a beard now )
- They went out after lunch and they've just come back. ( so they are back now )
Do not use the present perfect if there is no connection with the present.
- The Chinese invented priniting. ( not 'have invented' )
- How many plays did Shakespeare write? ( not 'has Shakespeare written' )
Compare
- Shakespeare wrote many plays.
- My sister is a writer. She has written many books. ( she still writes books )
We use the present perfect to give new information
A : Ow! I've burnt myself.
B : How did you do that?
A : I picked up a hot dish.
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